Title: .Biology Semester 2 / Organisation of CNS
Tags: NS immunity

Sensory neurones transmit impulses from receptors to CNS
Motor neurones transmit impulses from CNS to effectors
- Somatic motor neurones transmit from CNS to SKELETAL muscle = VOLUNTARY
- Autonomic motor neurones transmit from CNS to cardiac and smooth muscle, and glands = INVOLUNTARY

Sympathetic NS = fight or flight
Parasympathetic = rest and digest

Q: Which areas are affected by sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activity?
[...]
[...]
[...]
A: Cardiac muscles; Smooth muscles; Glands

Original: Describe the structure of the spinal chord, including the cerebrospinal fluid
Extends from [[oc1::the base of the brain]], inside [[oc2::neural arches of vertebrae.]] In the centre, [[oc3::there is a canal containing cerebro-spinal fluid.]]
Q: Describe the structure of the spinal chord, including the cerebrospinal fluid
Extends from [...], inside ... In the centre, ...
A: the base of the brain
Q: Describe the structure of the spinal chord, including the cerebrospinal fluid
Extends from the base of the brain, inside [...] In the centre, ...
A: neural arches of vertebrae.
Q: Describe the structure of the spinal chord, including the cerebrospinal fluid
Extends from ..., inside neural arches of vertebrae. In the centre, [...]
A: there is a canal containing cerebro-spinal fluid.
Q: Describe the structure of the spinal chord, including the cerebrospinal fluid
Extends from [...], inside [...] In the centre, [...]
A: the base of the brain; neural arches of vertebrae.; there is a canal containing cerebro-spinal fluid.
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Q: Why are some areas of the spinal chord grey and some white?
Grey = [...]
White = [...]
A: unmyelinated; myelinated

Original: What are meninges and what is their function?
[[oc1::3 membranes around brain and spinal cord]]. They secrete [[oc2::cerebro-spinal fluid]] which acts to [[oc3::absorb mechanical shocks to the brain]] and [[oc4::supply oxygen and nutrients.]]
Q: What are meninges and what is their function?
[...]. They secrete ... which acts to ... and ...
A: 3 membranes around brain and spinal cord
Q: What are meninges and what is their function?
3 membranes around brain and spinal cord. They secrete [...] which acts to ... and ...
A: cerebro-spinal fluid
Q: What are meninges and what is their function?
.... They secrete cerebro-spinal fluid which acts to [...] and ...
A: absorb mechanical shocks to the brain
Q: What are meninges and what is their function?
.... They secrete ... which acts to absorb mechanical shocks to the brain and [...]
A: supply oxygen and nutrients.
What are meninges and what is their function?
3 membranes around brain and spinal cord. They secrete cerebro-spinal fluid which acts to absorb mechanical shocks to the brain and supply oxygen and nutrients.
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Q: What is a ganglion?
A: Tissue containing cell bodies of neurones

Q: What are dorsal root ganglions
A: Contain cell bodies of sensory neurones, just outside of spinal cord

Text: What is the difference between a dorsal root and a ventral root
Q: Dorsal: [...]
Ventral: [...]
A: carries impulses from receptors towards spinal cord; carries impulses to effectors

Original: What is the somatic nervous system?
Includes all [[oc1::sensory and motor neurones]] which [[oc2::take impulses to skeletal muscle]]. It is [[oc3::voluntary]], but [[oc4::can include the reflex arc]].
Q: What is the somatic nervous system?
Includes all [...] which .... It is ..., but ....
A: sensory and motor neurones
Q: What is the somatic nervous system?
Includes all sensory and motor neurones which [...]. It is ..., but ....
A: take impulses to skeletal muscle
Q: What is the somatic nervous system?
Includes all ... which take impulses to skeletal muscle. It is [...], but ....
A: voluntary
Q: What is the somatic nervous system?
Includes all ... which .... It is voluntary, but [...].
A: can include the reflex arc
What is the somatic nervous system?
Includes all sensory and motor neurones which take impulses to skeletal muscle. It is voluntary, but can include the reflex arc.
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Original: The autonomic nervous system
Controls: [[oc1::smooth muscle (e.g. peristalsis), cardiac muscle, exocrine glands (e.g. salivary)]]
Autonomic ganglia: [[oc2::contain cell bodies of motor neurones]] outside [[oc3::CNS]]
Preganglionic neurone: [[oc4::carries action potentials]] from [[oc5::CNS]] to [[oc6::autonomic ganglion]]
Q: The autonomic nervous system
Controls: [...]
Autonomic ganglia: ... outside ...
Preganglionic neurone: ... from ... to ...
A: smooth muscle (e.g. peristalsis), cardiac muscle, exocrine glands (e.g. salivary)
Q: The autonomic nervous system
Controls: smooth muscle (e.g. peristalsis), cardiac muscle, exocrine glands (e.g. salivary)
Autonomic ganglia: [...] outside ...
Preganglionic neurone: ... from ... to ...
A: contain cell bodies of motor neurones
Q: The autonomic nervous system
Controls: ...
Autonomic ganglia: contain cell bodies of motor neurones outside [...]
Preganglionic neurone: ... from ... to ...
A: CNS
Q: The autonomic nervous system
Controls: ...
Autonomic ganglia: ... outside CNS
Preganglionic neurone: [...] from ... to ...
A: carries action potentials
Q: The autonomic nervous system
Controls: ...
Autonomic ganglia: ... outside ...
Preganglionic neurone: carries action potentials from [...] to ...
A: CNS
Q: The autonomic nervous system
Controls: ...
Autonomic ganglia: ... outside ...
Preganglionic neurone: ... from CNS to [...]
A: autonomic ganglion
The autonomic nervous system
Controls: smooth muscle (e.g. peristalsis), cardiac muscle, exocrine glands (e.g. salivary)
Autonomic ganglia: contain cell bodies of motor neurones outside CNS
Preganglionic neurone: carries action potentials from CNS to autonomic ganglion
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Original: How does sympathetic nervous system stimulation effect the skin?
[[oc1::Arterioles]] supplying [[oc2::the skin and digestive system]] [[oc3::constrict]]
[[oc4::Sweat]] production
[[oc5::Erector muscles]] contract, [[oc6::hairs stand up]]
Q: How does sympathetic nervous system stimulation effect the skin?
[...] supplying ... ...
... production
... contract, ...
A: Arterioles
Q: How does sympathetic nervous system stimulation effect the skin?
Arterioles supplying [...] ...
... production
... contract, ...
A: the skin and digestive system
Q: How does sympathetic nervous system stimulation effect the skin?
... supplying the skin and digestive system [...]
... production
... contract, ...
A: constrict
Q: How does sympathetic nervous system stimulation effect the skin?
... supplying ... constrict
[...] production
... contract, ...
A: Sweat
Q: How does sympathetic nervous system stimulation effect the skin?
... supplying ... ...
Sweat production
[...] contract, ...
A: Erector muscles
Q: How does sympathetic nervous system stimulation effect the skin?
... supplying ... ...
... production
Erector muscles contract, [...]
A: hairs stand up
How does sympathetic nervous system stimulation effect the skin?
Arterioles supplying the skin and digestive system constrict
Sweat production
Erector muscles contract, hairs stand up
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Q: How does sympathetic NS stimulation effect the blood?
A: Increases blood glucose
Increases blood pressure/HR

Q: What part of the brain regulates the autonomic nervous system?
A: Hypothalamus

Original: FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE
[[oc1::Hypothalamus activated]]
↓
[[oc2::Stimulates sympathetic nervous system]]
↓
[[oc3::Adrenal medulla releases adrenaline and noradrenaline]]
↓
[[oc4::Hypothalamus also releases CRF (corticotropin releasing factor)]]
↓
[[oc5::Release of ACTH (adreno-corticotropic hormone)]]
↓
[[oc6::Adrenal cortex releases about 30 hormones into the blood]]
Q: FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE
[...]
↓
...
↓
...
↓
...
↓
...
↓
...
A: Hypothalamus activated
Q: FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE
[...]
↓
[...]
↓
...
↓
...
↓
...
↓
...
A: Hypothalamus activated; Stimulates sympathetic nervous system
Q: FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE
Hypothalamus activated
↓
[...]
↓
[...]
↓
...
↓
...
↓
...
A: Stimulates sympathetic nervous system; Adrenal medulla releases adrenaline and noradrenaline
Q: FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE
...
↓
Stimulates sympathetic nervous system
↓
[...]
↓
[...]
↓
...
↓
...
A: Adrenal medulla releases adrenaline and noradrenaline; Hypothalamus also releases CRF (corticotropin releasing factor)
Q: FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE
...
↓
...
↓
Adrenal medulla releases adrenaline and noradrenaline
↓
[...]
↓
[...]
↓
...
A: Hypothalamus also releases CRF (corticotropin releasing factor); Release of ACTH (adreno-corticotropic hormone)
Q: FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE
...
↓
...
↓
...
↓
Hypothalamus also releases CRF (corticotropin releasing factor)
↓
[...]
↓
[...]
A: Release of ACTH (adreno-corticotropic hormone); Adrenal cortex releases about 30 hormones into the blood
Q: FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE
...
↓
...
↓
...
↓
...
↓
Release of ACTH (adreno-corticotropic hormone)
↓
[...]
A: Adrenal cortex releases about 30 hormones into the blood
FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE
Hypothalamus activated
↓
Stimulates sympathetic nervous system
↓
Adrenal medulla releases adrenaline and noradrenaline
↓
Hypothalamus also releases CRF (corticotropin releasing factor)
↓
Release of ACTH (adreno-corticotropic hormone)
↓
Adrenal cortex releases about 30 hormones into the blood
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Original: [[oc1::PHAGOCYTOSIS ]]of the pathogen
Formation of [[oc2::PHAGOSOME ]]– pathogen [[oc3::engulfed]] by [[oc4::infolding of phagocyte membrane]]
[[oc5::FUSOSOME  ]]is formed when the [[oc6::Lysosomes ]]( the organelle) [[oc7::fuse with the phagosome]], releasing [[oc8::LYSOSYME ]]( the [[oc9::hydrolytic]] enzyme), which [[oc10::digest the pathogen into harmless products]] – this gives the [[oc11::cytoplasm]] a [[oc12::granular]] appearance
[[oc13::NEUTROPHILS]] – mobile, and use [[oc14::DIAPEDESIS]] – [[oc15::squeezing]] of the neutrophils through the [[oc16::blood vessel wall]] – specifically [[oc17::capillary endothelium]]
Initiates [[oc18::inflammatory response]] in the tissues of the body.  This is part of the [[oc19::non-specific immune]] response
MACROPHAGES – [[oc19::fixed]] in organs
                [[oc19::Engulf the pathogen]] & [[oc19::display antigen on the CSM]]
                Becoming [[oc19::APCs]]
                                Initiating the [[oc19::specific immune response]]
Title: Describe the role of phagocytes in the combating of infectious disease
Q: [...]of the pathogen
Formation of ...– pathogen ... by ...
...is formed when the ...( the organelle) ..., releasing ...( the ... enzyme), which ... – this gives the ... a ... appearance
... – mobile, and use ... – ... of the neutrophils through the ... – specifically ...
Initiates ... in the tissues of the body.  This is part of the ... response
MACROPHAGES – ... in organs
                ... & ...
                Becoming ...
                                Initiating the ...
A: PHAGOCYTOSIS
Q: [...]of the pathogen
Formation of [...]– pathogen ... by ...
...is formed when the ...( the organelle) ..., releasing ...( the ... enzyme), which ... – this gives the ... a ... appearance
... – mobile, and use ... – ... of the neutrophils through the ... – specifically ...
Initiates ... in the tissues of the body.  This is part of the ... response
MACROPHAGES – ... in organs
                ... & ...
                Becoming ...
                                Initiating the ...
A: PHAGOCYTOSIS; PHAGOSOME
Q: PHAGOCYTOSIS of the pathogen
Formation of [...]– pathogen [...] by ...
...is formed when the ...( the organelle) ..., releasing ...( the ... enzyme), which ... – this gives the ... a ... appearance
... – mobile, and use ... – ... of the neutrophils through the ... – specifically ...
Initiates ... in the tissues of the body.  This is part of the ... response
MACROPHAGES – ... in organs
                ... & ...
                Becoming ...
                                Initiating the ...
A: PHAGOSOME; engulfed
Q: ...of the pathogen
Formation of PHAGOSOME – pathogen [...] by [...]
...is formed when the ...( the organelle) ..., releasing ...( the ... enzyme), which ... – this gives the ... a ... appearance
... – mobile, and use ... – ... of the neutrophils through the ... – specifically ...
Initiates ... in the tissues of the body.  This is part of the ... response
MACROPHAGES – ... in organs
                ... & ...
                Becoming ...
                                Initiating the ...
A: engulfed; infolding of phagocyte membrane
Q: ...of the pathogen
Formation of ...– pathogen engulfed by [...]
[...]is formed when the ...( the organelle) ..., releasing ...( the ... enzyme), which ... – this gives the ... a ... appearance
... – mobile, and use ... – ... of the neutrophils through the ... – specifically ...
Initiates ... in the tissues of the body.  This is part of the ... response
MACROPHAGES – ... in organs
                ... & ...
                Becoming ...
                                Initiating the ...
A: infolding of phagocyte membrane; FUSOSOME
Q: ...of the pathogen
Formation of ...– pathogen ... by infolding of phagocyte membrane
[...]is formed when the [...]( the organelle) ..., releasing ...( the ... enzyme), which ... – this gives the ... a ... appearance
... – mobile, and use ... – ... of the neutrophils through the ... – specifically ...
Initiates ... in the tissues of the body.  This is part of the ... response
MACROPHAGES – ... in organs
                ... & ...
                Becoming ...
                                Initiating the ...
A: FUSOSOME; Lysosomes
Q: ...of the pathogen
Formation of ...– pathogen ... by ...
FUSOSOME  is formed when the [...]( the organelle) [...], releasing ...( the ... enzyme), which ... – this gives the ... a ... appearance
... – mobile, and use ... – ... of the neutrophils through the ... – specifically ...
Initiates ... in the tissues of the body.  This is part of the ... response
MACROPHAGES – ... in organs
                ... & ...
                Becoming ...
                                Initiating the ...
A: Lysosomes; fuse with the phagosome
Q: ...of the pathogen
Formation of ...– pathogen ... by ...
...is formed when the Lysosomes ( the organelle) [...], releasing [...]( the ... enzyme), which ... – this gives the ... a ... appearance
... – mobile, and use ... – ... of the neutrophils through the ... – specifically ...
Initiates ... in the tissues of the body.  This is part of the ... response
MACROPHAGES – ... in organs
                ... & ...
                Becoming ...
                                Initiating the ...
A: fuse with the phagosome; LYSOSYME
Q: ...of the pathogen
Formation of ...– pathogen ... by ...
...is formed when the ...( the organelle) fuse with the phagosome, releasing [...]( the [...] enzyme), which ... – this gives the ... a ... appearance
... – mobile, and use ... – ... of the neutrophils through the ... – specifically ...
Initiates ... in the tissues of the body.  This is part of the ... response
MACROPHAGES – ... in organs
                ... & ...
                Becoming ...
                                Initiating the ...
A: LYSOSYME; hydrolytic
Q: ...of the pathogen
Formation of ...– pathogen ... by ...
...is formed when the ...( the organelle) ..., releasing LYSOSYME ( the [...] enzyme), which [...] – this gives the ... a ... appearance
... – mobile, and use ... – ... of the neutrophils through the ... – specifically ...
Initiates ... in the tissues of the body.  This is part of the ... response
MACROPHAGES – ... in organs
                ... & ...
                Becoming ...
                                Initiating the ...
A: hydrolytic; digest the pathogen into harmless products
Q: ...of the pathogen
Formation of ...– pathogen ... by ...
...is formed when the ...( the organelle) ..., releasing ...( the hydrolytic enzyme), which [...] – this gives the [...] a ... appearance
... – mobile, and use ... – ... of the neutrophils through the ... – specifically ...
Initiates ... in the tissues of the body.  This is part of the ... response
MACROPHAGES – ... in organs
                ... & ...
                Becoming ...
                                Initiating the ...
A: digest the pathogen into harmless products; cytoplasm
Q: ...of the pathogen
Formation of ...– pathogen ... by ...
...is formed when the ...( the organelle) ..., releasing ...( the ... enzyme), which digest the pathogen into harmless products – this gives the [...] a [...] appearance
... – mobile, and use ... – ... of the neutrophils through the ... – specifically ...
Initiates ... in the tissues of the body.  This is part of the ... response
MACROPHAGES – ... in organs
                ... & ...
                Becoming ...
                                Initiating the ...
A: cytoplasm; granular
Q: ...of the pathogen
Formation of ...– pathogen ... by ...
...is formed when the ...( the organelle) ..., releasing ...( the ... enzyme), which ... – this gives the cytoplasm a [...] appearance
[...] – mobile, and use ... – ... of the neutrophils through the ... – specifically ...
Initiates ... in the tissues of the body.  This is part of the ... response
MACROPHAGES – ... in organs
                ... & ...
                Becoming ...
                                Initiating the ...
A: granular; NEUTROPHILS
Q: ...of the pathogen
Formation of ...– pathogen ... by ...
...is formed when the ...( the organelle) ..., releasing ...( the ... enzyme), which ... – this gives the ... a granular appearance
[...] – mobile, and use [...] – ... of the neutrophils through the ... – specifically ...
Initiates ... in the tissues of the body.  This is part of the ... response
MACROPHAGES – ... in organs
                ... & ...
                Becoming ...
                                Initiating the ...
A: NEUTROPHILS; DIAPEDESIS
Q: ...of the pathogen
Formation of ...– pathogen ... by ...
...is formed when the ...( the organelle) ..., releasing ...( the ... enzyme), which ... – this gives the ... a ... appearance
NEUTROPHILS – mobile, and use [...] – [...] of the neutrophils through the ... – specifically ...
Initiates ... in the tissues of the body.  This is part of the ... response
MACROPHAGES – ... in organs
                ... & ...
                Becoming ...
                                Initiating the ...
A: DIAPEDESIS; squeezing
Q: ...of the pathogen
Formation of ...– pathogen ... by ...
...is formed when the ...( the organelle) ..., releasing ...( the ... enzyme), which ... – this gives the ... a ... appearance
... – mobile, and use DIAPEDESIS – [...] of the neutrophils through the [...] – specifically ...
Initiates ... in the tissues of the body.  This is part of the ... response
MACROPHAGES – ... in organs
                ... & ...
                Becoming ...
                                Initiating the ...
A: squeezing; blood vessel wall
Q: ...of the pathogen
Formation of ...– pathogen ... by ...
...is formed when the ...( the organelle) ..., releasing ...( the ... enzyme), which ... – this gives the ... a ... appearance
... – mobile, and use ... – squeezing of the neutrophils through the [...] – specifically [...]
Initiates ... in the tissues of the body.  This is part of the ... response
MACROPHAGES – ... in organs
                ... & ...
                Becoming ...
                                Initiating the ...
A: blood vessel wall; capillary endothelium
Q: ...of the pathogen
Formation of ...– pathogen ... by ...
...is formed when the ...( the organelle) ..., releasing ...( the ... enzyme), which ... – this gives the ... a ... appearance
... – mobile, and use ... – ... of the neutrophils through the blood vessel wall – specifically [...]
Initiates [...] in the tissues of the body.  This is part of the ... response
MACROPHAGES – ... in organs
                ... & ...
                Becoming ...
                                Initiating the ...
A: capillary endothelium; inflammatory response
...of the pathogen
Formation of ...– pathogen ... by ...
...is formed when the ...( the organelle) ..., releasing ...( the ... enzyme), which ... – this gives the ... a ... appearance
... – mobile, and use ... – ... of the neutrophils through the ... – specifically capillary endothelium
Initiates inflammatory response in the tissues of the body.  This is part of the non-specific immune response
MACROPHAGES – fixed in organs
                Engulf the pathogen & display antigen on the CSM
                Becoming APCs
                                Initiating the specific immune response
...of the pathogen
Formation of ...– pathogen ... by ...
...is formed when the ...( the organelle) ..., releasing ...( the ... enzyme), which ... – this gives the ... a ... appearance
... – mobile, and use ... – ... of the neutrophils through the ... – specifically ...
Initiates inflammatory response in the tissues of the body.  This is part of the non-specific immune response
MACROPHAGES – fixed in organs
                Engulf the pathogen & display antigen on the CSM
                Becoming APCs
                                Initiating the specific immune response
PHAGOCYTOSIS of the pathogen
Formation of PHAGOSOME – pathogen engulfed by infolding of phagocyte membrane
FUSOSOME  is formed when the Lysosomes ( the organelle) fuse with the phagosome, releasing LYSOSYME ( the hydrolytic enzyme), which digest the pathogen into harmless products – this gives the cytoplasm a granular appearance
NEUTROPHILS – mobile, and use DIAPEDESIS – squeezing of the neutrophils through the blood vessel wall – specifically capillary endothelium
Initiates inflammatory response in the tissues of the body.  This is part of the non-specific immune response
MACROPHAGES – fixed in organs
                Engulf the pathogen & display antigen on the CSM
                Becoming APCs
                                Initiating the specific immune response
Other fields (not shown on cards):
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