Title: .Biology Semester 2 / Drugs
Tags: drugs definition

Q: Define 'drug'
A: A drug is any chemical substance which, when taken into the body, alters one or more physical or psychological functions

Q: [...] drugs interfere with the [...] causing [...]
A: Psychoactive; nervous system; changes in mental state and behaviour

Q: Legislation: The [...] of Drugs act [...]
A: Misuse; 1971

Original: Class A
[[oc1::
Cocaine
Heroin
Methanphetamine
]]
Class B
[[oc2::
Cannabis
Ketamine
Ritalin
]]
Class C
[[oc3::
Anabolic Steroids
Piperazines
]]
Title: Classifying drugs
Q: Class A
[...]
Class B
...
Class C
...
A: Cocaine
Heroin
Methanphetamine
Q: Class A
Cocaine
Heroin
Methanphetamine
Class B
[...]
Class C
...
A: Cannabis
Ketamine
Ritalin
Q: Class A
...
Class B
Cannabis
Ketamine
Ritalin
Class C
[...]
A: Anabolic Steroids
Piperazines
Q: Class A
[...]
Class B
[...]
Class C
[...]
A: Cocaine
Heroin
Methanphetamine; Cannabis
Ketamine
Ritalin; Anabolic Steroids
Piperazines
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Q: Define "designer drug"
A: A drug with the same properties and effects as a known hallucinogen or narcotic but with an altered structure, meaning it is not yet classified or restricted as an illegal substance

Q: Give one example of a designer drug
A: Mephedrone (M-Cat)

Psychoactive drugs mimic or interfere with neurotransmitters
E.g. Nicotine mimics acetylcholine, binding to ACh receptors

Enkephalins are endogenous opioid peptides that act as neurotransmittors, regulating nociception by binding to the body's opiate receptors
Heroin is a drug that mimics enkephalins, binds to opiate receptors, reducing sensation of pain

Noradrenaline is a hormone and neurotransmittor that increases heart rate, arousal and wakefulness
Amphetamines are stimulants that increase neurotransmission of noradrenaline and other neurotransmitters

Q: Define drug misuse
A: When drugs are taken in hazardous circumstances or likely to cause harm

Q: Define experimental drug use
A: First time use

Q: Define recreational drug use
A: Drugs used in a controlled way by the user, i.e. non-addictive
Regular use

Q: Define dependant drug use
A: Addictive drug use caused by compulsion
Without drug, withdrawal symptoms

Original: Drug is necessary for [[oc1::metabolism
]]
Continued use [[oc2::is necessary to prevent withdrawal symptoms and feel normal]]
Title: Physical drug dependance
Q: Drug is necessary for [...]
Continued use ...
A: metabolism
Q: Drug is necessary for metabolism
Continued use [...]
A: is necessary to prevent withdrawal symptoms and feel normal
Q: Drug is necessary for [...]
Continued use [...]
A: metabolism; is necessary to prevent withdrawal symptoms and feel normal
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Original: Compulsion to use drug for [[oc1::euphoric, pain relieving or stress relieving]] effects e.g. [[oc1::used as a social prop
]]
[[oc2::No physical withdrawal symptoms]]
Title: Psychological drug dependance
Q: Compulsion to use drug for [...] effects e.g. [...]
...
A: euphoric, pain relieving or stress relieving; used as a social prop
Q: Compulsion to use drug for euphoric, pain relieving or stress relieving effects e.g. used as a social prop
[...]
A: No physical withdrawal symptoms
Q: Compulsion to use drug for [...] effects e.g. [...]
[...]
A: euphoric, pain relieving or stress relieving; used as a social prop; No physical withdrawal symptoms
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Original: Heroin is a [[oc1::depressant and an opiate]]
Binds to [[oc2::enkephalin receptors]]
Has [[oc3::euphoric]] effects
Reduces [[oc4::nervous system activity]]
Including [[oc4::autonomic nervous system]] e.g. [[oc4::cardiac, respiritory]]; can be [[oc4::fatal]]
Title: Effects of heroin on the nervous system
Q: Heroin is a [...]
Binds to ...
Has ... effects
Reduces ...
Including ... e.g. ...; can be ...
A: depressant and an opiate
Q: Heroin is a depressant and an opiate
Binds to [...]
Has ... effects
Reduces ...
Including ... e.g. ...; can be ...
A: enkephalin receptors
Q: Heroin is a ...
Binds to enkephalin receptors
Has [...] effects
Reduces ...
Including ... e.g. ...; can be ...
A: euphoric
Heroin is a ...
Binds to ...
Has euphoric effects
Reduces nervous system activity
Including autonomic nervous system e.g. cardiac, respiritory; can be fatal
Heroin is a depressant and an opiate
Binds to enkephalin receptors
Has euphoric effects
Reduces nervous system activity
Including autonomic nervous system e.g. cardiac, respiritory; can be fatal
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Original: Heroin use causes increase in [[oc1::enkephalin receptors and metabolism of drug
]]
It also inhibits [[oc2::production of natural enkephalins]]
Need to increase [[oc3::dose]] for same effect
Title: Drug tolerance to heroin
Q: Heroin use causes increase in [...]
It also inhibits ...
Need to increase ... for same effect
A: enkephalin receptors and metabolism of drug
Q: Heroin use causes increase in enkephalin receptors and metabolism of drug
It also inhibits [...]
Need to increase ... for same effect
A: production of natural enkephalins
Q: Heroin use causes increase in ...
It also inhibits production of natural enkephalins
Need to increase [...] for same effect
A: dose
Q: Heroin use causes increase in [...]
It also inhibits [...]
Need to increase [...] for same effect
A: enkephalin receptors and metabolism of drug; production of natural enkephalins; dose
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Original: Nicotine [[oc1::mimics action of acetylcholine]]; binds to [[oc2::ACh receptors]]
Numbers of [[oc3::ACh receptors increase]]
More [[oc4::cigarettes need to be smoked for same effect]]
Title: Drug tolerance to nicotine
Q: Nicotine [...]; binds to ...
Numbers of ...
More ...
A: mimics action of acetylcholine
Q: Nicotine mimics action of acetylcholine; binds to [...]
Numbers of ...
More ...
A: ACh receptors
Q: Nicotine ...; binds to ACh receptors
Numbers of [...]
More ...
A: ACh receptors increase
Q: Nicotine ...; binds to ...
Numbers of ACh receptors increase
More [...]
A: cigarettes need to be smoked for same effect
Nicotine mimics action of acetylcholine; binds to ACh receptors
Numbers of ACh receptors increase
More cigarettes need to be smoked for same effect
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Alcohol stimulates the production of enkephalins in the brain
It is a small molecule and therefore easily absorbed and transported to liver and brain
The effects are short term as it is metabolised in the liver

Original: [[oc1::EthanOL]] → [[oc2::EthanAL]] → [[oc3::Ethanoate]]
Title: Metabolism of alcohol
Remarks: Ethanoate is anion of acetyl coa, so can be converted and used for krebs cycle!
Q: [...] → ... → ...
A: EthanOL
Q: EthanOL → [...] → ...
A: EthanAL
Q: ... → EthanAL → [...]
A: Ethanoate
Q: [...] → [...] → [...]
A: EthanOL; EthanAL; Ethanoate
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Q: The liver contains enzymes that catalyse metabolism of [...] into [...]
The more alcohol present, the more [...]
A: ethanol; ethanoate; enzymes produced

Q: Alcohol is [...] so does not have impact on [...] as it [...] quickly
A: small and lipid soluble; the number of receptors; diffuses through the cell surface membrane

Q: High blood alcohol concentration causes enzymes to be present on the [...], called the [...] or [...]
A: smooth endoplasmic reticulum; microsomal ethanol oxidising system; MEOS

Q: Ethanol structural formula: [...]
Ethanal structural formula: [...]
Acetate structural formula: [...]
A: CH₃CH₂OH; CH₃CHO; CH₃COO⁻

Q: Define drug tolerance
A: When a person's reaction to a drug decreases and an increased dose is necessary to achieve the same effect

Q: How could drug tolerance to heroin develop?
A: Heroin binds to enkephalin receptors
Causes less natural enkephalin to be produced
Causes more receptors to be formed
Increased metabolism of the drug
Therefore dose must be increased to achieve the same effect

Q: How could tolerance to nicotine develop?
A: Nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine, binds to ACh receptors
Causes more receptors to form
Less natural acetylcholine formed
Therefore more cigarettes required to achieve the same effect

Q: Alcohol stimulates the production of [...]
A: enkephalins

Q: What happens to alcohol after it has been absorbed into the blood?
A: • Alcohol easily passes through cell membranes
• Metabolised by liver:
• converted to ethanAL by ethanol dehydrogenase
• converted to acetate by ethanAL dehydrogenase
• NAD acts as hydrogen carrier
• acetate converted to acetyl CoA and enters the Krebs cycle
• or converted to fatty acids by smooth ER

Q: Long term impact of alcohol on liver (5)
A: • Fatty deposits accumulate in liver
• Hepatocyte death
• Cirrhosis (scar tissue)
• Cancer
• Inflammation / Hepatitis

Q: Define unit of alcohol
A: 1 unit = 8g of alcohol metabolised by liver per hour

Effects of alcohol on CNS
- Inhibits release of antidiuretics (ADH) so less water reabsorbed by kidney = dehydration
- Shrinks brain cells
- Hypoxia
- Hypoglycaemia
- Less energy for nerve cells
- Impaired motor control
- Loss of short term memory

Effects of alcohol on PNS
- Poor diet (alcohol provides energy) so poor nutrition
- Vitamin B1 deficiency: degeneration of nerves
    
- Sensory: numbness, cold, pains
    - Motor: muscle wasting
    - Autonomic: incontinence, impotence, blurred vision

= POLYNEUROPATHY