Title: .Biology Semester 2 / Immunity
Tags: immunity

Original: Function: [[oc1::stop pathogens entering the body.]]
1. MUCUS MEMBRANE:
Structure: [[oc2::layer of mucus covering epithelium]]
Function: [[oc2::protects digestive and respiratory tracts by preventing contact between pathogens and epithelial cells]]
2. FACIAL FLUID SECRETIONS
Structure: [[oc3::fluid secreted by e.g. salivary and lacrimal glands]]
Function: [[oc3::contains lysozyme; bactericidal]]
3. GASTRIC ACID
Structure: [[oc4::mainly HCl produced by parietal cells in gastric glands]]
Function: [[oc4::Lowers stomach pH and kills pathogens]]
4. SWEAT
Structure: [[oc5::lactic acid and fatty acids, secreted from sweat glands]]
Function: [[oc5::Lowers pH]]
5. PLATELETS
Structure: [[oc6::cell-fragments in blood]]
Function: [[oc6::clotting to prevent pathogen entry through wounds]]
6. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
Structure: [[oc7::bacteria living on skin surface]]
Function: [[oc7::help prevent colonisation by pathogens]]
Title: Nonspecific, primary defences
Q: Function: [...]
1. MUCUS MEMBRANE:
Structure: ...
Function: ...
2. FACIAL FLUID SECRETIONS
Structure: ...
Function: ...
3. GASTRIC ACID
Structure: ...
Function: ...
4. SWEAT
Structure: ...
Function: ...
5. PLATELETS
Structure: ...
Function: ...
6. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
Structure: ...
Function: ...
A: stop pathogens entering the body.
Q: Function: stop pathogens entering the body.
1. MUCUS MEMBRANE:
Structure: [...]
Function: [...]
2. FACIAL FLUID SECRETIONS
Structure: ...
Function: ...
3. GASTRIC ACID
Structure: ...
Function: ...
4. SWEAT
Structure: ...
Function: ...
5. PLATELETS
Structure: ...
Function: ...
6. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
Structure: ...
Function: ...
A: layer of mucus covering epithelium; protects digestive and respiratory tracts by preventing contact between pathogens and epithelial cells
Q: Function: ...
1. MUCUS MEMBRANE:
Structure: layer of mucus covering epithelium
Function: protects digestive and respiratory tracts by preventing contact between pathogens and epithelial cells
2. FACIAL FLUID SECRETIONS
Structure: [...]
Function: [...]
3. GASTRIC ACID
Structure: ...
Function: ...
4. SWEAT
Structure: ...
Function: ...
5. PLATELETS
Structure: ...
Function: ...
6. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
Structure: ...
Function: ...
A: fluid secreted by e.g. salivary and lacrimal glands; contains lysozyme; bactericidal
Q: Function: ...
1. MUCUS MEMBRANE:
Structure: ...
Function: ...
2. FACIAL FLUID SECRETIONS
Structure: fluid secreted by e.g. salivary and lacrimal glands
Function: contains lysozyme; bactericidal
3. GASTRIC ACID
Structure: [...]
Function: [...]
4. SWEAT
Structure: ...
Function: ...
5. PLATELETS
Structure: ...
Function: ...
6. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
Structure: ...
Function: ...
A: mainly HCl produced by parietal cells in gastric glands; Lowers stomach pH and kills pathogens
Q: Function: ...
1. MUCUS MEMBRANE:
Structure: ...
Function: ...
2. FACIAL FLUID SECRETIONS
Structure: ...
Function: ...
3. GASTRIC ACID
Structure: mainly HCl produced by parietal cells in gastric glands
Function: Lowers stomach pH and kills pathogens
4. SWEAT
Structure: [...]
Function: [...]
5. PLATELETS
Structure: ...
Function: ...
6. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
Structure: ...
Function: ...
A: lactic acid and fatty acids, secreted from sweat glands; Lowers pH
Q: Function: ...
1. MUCUS MEMBRANE:
Structure: ...
Function: ...
2. FACIAL FLUID SECRETIONS
Structure: ...
Function: ...
3. GASTRIC ACID
Structure: ...
Function: ...
4. SWEAT
Structure: lactic acid and fatty acids, secreted from sweat glands
Function: Lowers pH
5. PLATELETS
Structure: [...]
Function: [...]
6. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
Structure: ...
Function: ...
A: cell-fragments in blood; clotting to prevent pathogen entry through wounds
Q: Function: ...
1. MUCUS MEMBRANE:
Structure: ...
Function: ...
2. FACIAL FLUID SECRETIONS
Structure: ...
Function: ...
3. GASTRIC ACID
Structure: ...
Function: ...
4. SWEAT
Structure: ...
Function: ...
5. PLATELETS
Structure: cell-fragments in blood
Function: clotting to prevent pathogen entry through wounds
6. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
Structure: [...]
Function: [...]
A: bacteria living on skin surface; help prevent colonisation by pathogens
Function: stop pathogens entering the body.
1. MUCUS MEMBRANE:
Structure: layer of mucus covering epithelium
Function: protects digestive and respiratory tracts by preventing contact between pathogens and epithelial cells
2. FACIAL FLUID SECRETIONS
Structure: fluid secreted by e.g. salivary and lacrimal glands
Function: contains lysozyme; bactericidal
3. GASTRIC ACID
Structure: mainly HCl produced by parietal cells in gastric glands
Function: Lowers stomach pH and kills pathogens
4. SWEAT
Structure: lactic acid and fatty acids, secreted from sweat glands
Function: Lowers pH
5. PLATELETS
Structure: cell-fragments in blood
Function: clotting to prevent pathogen entry through wounds
6. NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
Structure: bacteria living on skin surface
Function: help prevent colonisation by pathogens
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Original: Nonspecific, secondary defences: [[oc1::phagocytes]]
Two types: [[oc1::neutrophils and macrophages]]
Q: Nonspecific, secondary defences: [...]
Two types: [...]
A: phagocytes; neutrophils and macrophages
Q: Nonspecific, secondary defences: [...]
Two types: [...]
A: phagocytes; neutrophils and macrophages
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Header: Neutrophil phagocytosis

Header: Neutrophil Phagocytosis

Q: Define diapedesis
A: The passage of white blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries into the surrounding tissue

Q: Define immune response
A: Specific response to a pathogen
Involves action of lymphocytes and production of antibodies

Q: Define antigen
A: A molecule, usually protein/glycoprotein
Recognised as foreign by the immune system

Q: Define antigen-presenting cell
A: Cell that takes in a pathogen/molecules from it
Displays the pathogen's antigens in its plasma membrane
Where they may be encountered by a lymphocyte

Q: Define antibody
A: A small protein secreted by B lymphocytes
In response to a particular antigen
Which neutralises its effects

Original: [[oc1::Activation of a B or T lymphocyte cell]]
[[oc2::in response to an antigen with a specific shape ]]
[[oc3::complementary to the antigen receptors on cell surface membrane]]
Title: Clonal Selection
Q: [...]
...
...
A: Activation of a B or T lymphocyte cell
Q: Activation of a B or T lymphocyte cell
[...]
...
A: in response to an antigen with a specific shape
Q: ...
in response to an antigen with a specific shape
[...]
A: complementary to the antigen receptors on cell surface membrane
Q: [...]
[...]
[...]
A: Activation of a B or T lymphocyte cell; in response to an antigen with a specific shape; complementary to the antigen receptors on cell surface membrane
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Original: Once activated, [[oc1::many copies of a B or T cell are produced ]]
With [[oc2::complementary receptors for the same antigen]]
Title: Clonal expansion
Q: Once activated, [...]
With ...
A: many copies of a B or T cell are produced
Q: Once activated, many copies of a B or T cell are produced
With [...]
A: complementary receptors for the same antigen
Q: Once activated, [...]
With [...]
A: many copies of a B or T cell are produced; complementary receptors/antibodies for the same antigen
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Q: Where do B and T cells develop?
A: B cells and T cells develop in the bone marrow
T cells finish maturing in the thymus gland

Original: As B cells mature, [[oc1::they produce small quantities of antibodies]]
These are placed [[oc2::in the plasma membrane of the B cells]]
They then [[oc3::act as receptors and are able to bind to a particular antigen]]
Q: As B cells mature, [...]
These are placed ...
They then ...
A: they produce small quantities of antibodies
Q: As B cells mature, they produce small quantities of antibodies
These are placed [...]
They then ...
A: in the plasma membrane of the B cells
Q: As B cells mature, ...
These are placed in the plasma membrane of the B cells
They then [...]
A: act as receptors and are able to bind to a particular antigen
Q: As B cells mature, [...]
These are placed [...]
They then [...]
A: they produce small quantities of antibodies; in the plasma membrane of the B cells; act as receptors and are able to bind to a particular antigen
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Original: 1. [[oc1::Plasma B cells ]]
Extra [[oc2::protein-synthesising organelles]]
Produce [[oc2::several thousand antibodies per second]]
Found in [[oc2::the blood, lymph and mucus membranes]]
Short lived but [[oc2::their antibodies last a while]]
2. [[oc1::Memory B cells]]
Do not [[oc3::produce antibodies]]
Remain [[oc3::in circulation for a long time]]
Quick [[oc3::response if exposed to the antigen again]]
Title: Differentiation of B cells
Q: 1. [...]
Extra ...
Produce ...
Found in ...
Short lived but ...
2. [...]
Do not ...
Remain ...
Quick ...
A: Plasma B cells; Memory B cells
1. Plasma B cells
Extra protein-synthesising organelles
Produce several thousand antibodies per second
Found in the blood, lymph and mucus membranes
Short lived but their antibodies last a while
2. Memory B cells
Do not ...
Remain ...
Quick ...
Q: 1. ...
Extra protein-synthesising organelles
Produce several thousand antibodies per second
Found in the blood, lymph and mucus membranes
Short lived but their antibodies last a while
2. ...
Do not [...]
Remain [...]
Quick [...]
A: produce antibodies; in circulation for a long time; response if exposed to the antigen again
1. Plasma B cells 
Extra protein-synthesising organelles
Produce several thousand antibodies per second
Found in the blood, lymph and mucus membranes
Short lived but their antibodies last a while
2. Memory B cells
Do not produce antibodies
Remain in circulation for a long time
Quick response if exposed to the antigen again
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Original: Made of [[oc1::4 polypeptide chains in a Y shape]]
Held together by [[oc2::disulfide bridges]]
[[oc3::Constant region]]:
Same in [[oc4::all antibodies]]
attaches to [[oc4::phagocytic cells]], [[oc4::aids phagocytosis]]
[[oc3::Variable region]]:
[[oc4::Specific]] shape, varies from [[oc4::one antibody to another]]
Results from [[oc4::change in primary structure]]
Ensures [[oc4::specificity]]
[[oc5::Hinge region]]:
Allows [[oc6::flexibility]] to attach to [[oc6::more than one antigen.]]
Title: Antibody structure
Q: Made of [...]
Held together by ...
...:
Same in ...
attaches to ..., ...
...:
... shape, varies from ...
Results from ...
Ensures ...
...:
Allows ... to attach to ...
A: 4 polypeptide chains in a Y shape
Q: Made of 4 polypeptide chains in a Y shape
Held together by [...]
...:
Same in ...
attaches to ..., ...
...:
... shape, varies from ...
Results from ...
Ensures ...
...:
Allows ... to attach to ...
A: disulfide bridges
Q: Made of ...
Held together by disulfide bridges
[...]:
Same in ...
attaches to ..., ...
[...]:
... shape, varies from ...
Results from ...
Ensures ...
...:
Allows ... to attach to ...
A: Constant region; Variable region
Made of ...
Held together by ...
Constant region:
Same in all antibodies
attaches to phagocytic cells, aids phagocytosis
Variable region:
Specific shape, varies from one antibody to another
Results from change in primary structure
Ensures specificity
...:
Allows ... to attach to ...
Q: Made of ...
Held together by ...
...:
Same in all antibodies
attaches to phagocytic cells, aids phagocytosis
...:
Specific shape, varies from one antibody to another
Results from change in primary structure
Ensures specificity
[...]:
Allows ... to attach to ...
A: Hinge region
Q: Made of ...
Held together by ...
...:
Same in ...
attaches to ..., ...
...:
... shape, varies from ...
Results from ...
Ensures ...
Hinge region:
Allows [...] to attach to [...]
A: flexibility; more than one antigen.
Made of 4 polypeptide chains in a Y shape
Held together by disulfide bridges
Constant region:
Same in all antibodies
attaches to phagocytic cells, aids phagocytosis
Variable region:
Specific shape, varies from one antibody to another
Results from change in primary structure
Ensures specificity
Hinge region:
Allows flexibility to attach to more than one antigen.
Other fields (not shown on cards):
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Original: Each antibody binds to a [[oc1::specific antigen]]
1. [[oc2::Neutralisation]]
[[oc4::Cancels out]] effect of pathogen
2. [[oc3::Agglutination]]
[[oc5::Sticks]] pathogens together
Title: Antibody function
Q: Each antibody binds to a [...]
1. ...
... effect of pathogen
2. ...
... pathogens together
A: specific antigen
Q: Each antibody binds to a specific antigen
1. [...]
... effect of pathogen
2. ...
... pathogens together
A: Neutralisation
Q: Each antibody binds to a ...
1. Neutralisation
... effect of pathogen
2. [...]
... pathogens together
A: Agglutination
Q: Each antibody binds to a ...
1. ...
[...] effect of pathogen
2. Agglutination
... pathogens together
A: Cancels out
Q: Each antibody binds to a ...
1. ...
Cancels out effect of pathogen
2. ...
[...] pathogens together
A: Sticks
Each antibody binds to a specific antigen
1. Neutralisation
Cancels out effect of pathogen
2. Agglutination
Sticks pathogens together
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Original: Stimulated when they [[oc1::encounter a complementary antigen on an APC]] e.g. [[oc2::macrophage or virus host cell]]
Followed by [[oc3::clonal expansion]] to produce:
1. [[oc4::More T_h, also T_k, T_m, T_s ]]
2. [[oc5::Cytokines]] which [[oc6::stimulate other cells to attack pathogens]], including:
    - [[oc7::Macrophages for phagocytosis]]
    - [[oc8::Complementary B cells to divide and produce plasma cells]]
Title: T helper cells :)
Q: Stimulated when they [...] e.g. [...]
Followed by ... to produce:
1. ...
2. ... which ..., including:
    - ...
    - ...
A: encounter a complementary antigen on an APC; macrophage or virus host cell
Q: Stimulated when they encounter a complementary antigen on an APC e.g. [...]
Followed by [...] to produce:
1. ...
2. ... which ..., including:
    - ...
    - ...
A: macrophage or virus host cell; clonal expansion
Q: Stimulated when they ... e.g. macrophage or virus host cell
Followed by [...] to produce:
1. [...]
2. ... which ..., including:
    - ...
    - ...
A: clonal expansion; More T_h, also T_k, T_m, T_s
Q: Stimulated when they ... e.g. ...
Followed by clonal expansion to produce:
1. [...]
2. [...] which ..., including:
    - ...
    - ...
A: More T_h, also T_k, T_m, T_s; Cytokines
Q: Stimulated when they ... e.g. ...
Followed by ... to produce:
1. More T_h, also T_k, T_m, T_s
2. [...] which [...], including:
    - ...
    - ...
A: Cytokines; stimulate other cells to attack pathogens
Q: Stimulated when they ... e.g. ...
Followed by ... to produce:
1. ...
2. Cytokines which [...], including:
    - [...]
    - ...
A: stimulate other cells to attack pathogens; Macrophages for phagocytosis
Q: Stimulated when they ... e.g. ...
Followed by ... to produce:
1. ...
2. ... which stimulate other cells to attack pathogens, including:
    - [...]
    - [...]
A: Macrophages for phagocytosis; Complementary B cells to divide and produce plasma cells
Stimulated when they encounter a complementary antigen on an APC e.g. macrophage or virus host cell
Followed by clonal expansion to produce:
1. More T_h, also T_k, T_m, T_s 
2. Cytokines which stimulate other cells to attack pathogens, including:
    - Macrophages for phagocytosis
    - Complementary B cells to divide and produce plasma cells
Other fields (not shown on cards):
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Original: Attach to [[oc1::any cells displaying its complementary antigen]]
[[oc2::Destroy the cell]] by [[oc3::secreting chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide]]
[[oc5::Main defence]] against [[oc4::viral diseases]]
Title: T Killer Cells
Q: Attach to [...]
[...] by ...
... against ...
A: any cells displaying its complementary antigen; Destroy the cell
Q: Attach to any cells displaying its complementary antigen
[...] by [...]
... against ...
A: Destroy the cell; secreting chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide
Q: Attach to ...
Destroy the cell by [...]
... against [...]
A: secreting chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide; viral diseases
Q: Attach to ...
... by secreting chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide
[...] against [...]
A: Main defence; viral diseases
Attach to any cells displaying its complementary antigen
Destroy the cell by secreting chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide
Main defence against viral diseases
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Q: Memory T cells respond if [...]
A: the same antigen ever invades again

Q: Suppressor T cells [...]
A: stop the inflamatory response once the pathogens are destroyed

Original: Steps of immune response:
Lymphocytes must [[oc1::find and bind with pathogens (clonal selection)]]
[[oc2::Clonal expansion]]
Plasma cells must [[oc3::secrete antibodies]] or T_k cells must [[oc3::destroy infected cells]]
During which time...
Pathogen [[oc4::divides and becomes established in the body tissues]]
Infected person has [[oc5::symptoms of illness]]
Title: How immunity develops
Q: Steps of immune response:
Lymphocytes must [...]
...
Plasma cells must ... or T_k cells must ...
During which time...
Pathogen ...
Infected person has ...
A: find and bind with pathogens (clonal selection)
Q: Steps of immune response:
Lymphocytes must find and bind with pathogens (clonal selection)
[...]
Plasma cells must ... or T_k cells must ...
During which time...
Pathogen ...
Infected person has ...
A: Clonal expansion
Q: Steps of immune response:
Lymphocytes must ...
Clonal expansion
Plasma cells must [...] or T_k cells must [...]
During which time...
Pathogen ...
Infected person has ...
A: secrete antibodies; destroy infected cells
Q: Steps of immune response:
Lymphocytes must ...
...
Plasma cells must secrete antibodies or T_k cells must destroy infected cells
During which time...
Pathogen [...]
Infected person has ...
A: divides and becomes established in the body tissues
Q: Steps of immune response:
Lymphocytes must ...
...
Plasma cells must ... or T_k cells must ...
During which time...
Pathogen divides and becomes established in the body tissues
Infected person has [...]
A: symptoms of illness
Steps of immune response:
Lymphocytes must find and bind with pathogens (clonal selection)
Clonal expansion
Plasma cells must secrete antibodies or T_k cells must destroy infected cells
During which time...
Pathogen divides and becomes established in the body tissues
Infected person has symptoms of illness
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Original: Memory cells remain [[oc1::in circulation for a long time]]
[[oc2::Faster and more effective response]] when pathogen encountered again
Pathogen killed before [[oc3::it causes any symptoms]]
This is the [[oc4::secondary response]]
Title: After infection
Q: Memory cells remain [...]
... when pathogen encountered again
Pathogen killed before ...
This is the ...
A: in circulation for a long time
Q: Memory cells remain in circulation for a long time
[...] when pathogen encountered again
Pathogen killed before ...
This is the ...
A: Faster and more effective response
Q: Memory cells remain ...
Faster and more effective response when pathogen encountered again
Pathogen killed before [...]
This is the ...
A: it causes any symptoms
Q: Memory cells remain ...
... when pathogen encountered again
Pathogen killed before it causes any symptoms
This is the [...]
A: secondary response
Memory cells remain in circulation for a long time
Faster and more effective response when pathogen encountered again
Pathogen killed before it causes any symptoms
This is the secondary response
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Original: 2 types: [[oc1::active and passive]]
Each type can be: [[oc2::natural or artificial]]
[[oc1::Active immunity]]
Lymphocytes activated by antigens on [[oc3::surface of pathogens]]
Natural: [[oc4::fighting off infection]]
Artificial: [[oc5::vaccination]]
[[oc1::Passive immunity]]
Defence provided in form of [[oc6::antibodies/antitoxins]]
Natural: [[oc7::during pregnancy when mother's antibodies pass across placenta, providing immunity before infant's immune response is matured]]
Artificial: [[oc8::vaccination provides immediate source of antibodies]]
Title: Types of immunity
Q: 2 types: [...]
Each type can be: ...
[...]
Lymphocytes activated by antigens on ...
Natural: ...
Artificial: ...
[...]
Defence provided in form of ...
Natural: ...
Artificial: ...
A: active and passive; Active immunity; Passive immunity
Q: 2 types: active and passive
Each type can be: [...]
Active immunity
Lymphocytes activated by antigens on ...
Natural: ...
Artificial: ...
Passive immunity
Defence provided in form of ...
Natural: ...
Artificial: ...
A: natural or artificial
Q: 2 types: ...
Each type can be: natural or artificial
...
Lymphocytes activated by antigens on [...]
Natural: ...
Artificial: ...
...
Defence provided in form of ...
Natural: ...
Artificial: ...
A: surface of pathogens
Q: 2 types: ...
Each type can be: ...
...
Lymphocytes activated by antigens on surface of pathogens
Natural: [...]
Artificial: ...
...
Defence provided in form of ...
Natural: ...
Artificial: ...
A: fighting off infection
Q: 2 types: ...
Each type can be: ...
...
Lymphocytes activated by antigens on ...
Natural: fighting off infection
Artificial: [...]
...
Defence provided in form of ...
Natural: ...
Artificial: ...
A: vaccination
Q: 2 types: ...
Each type can be: ...
...
Lymphocytes activated by antigens on ...
Natural: ...
Artificial: vaccination
...
Defence provided in form of [...]
Natural: ...
Artificial: ...
A: antibodies/antitoxins
Q: 2 types: ...
Each type can be: ...
...
Lymphocytes activated by antigens on ...
Natural: ...
Artificial: ...
...
Defence provided in form of antibodies/antitoxins
Natural: [...]
Artificial: ...
A: during pregnancy when mother's antibodies pass across placenta, providing immunity before infant's immune response is matured
Q: 2 types: ...
Each type can be: ...
...
Lymphocytes activated by antigens on ...
Natural: ...
Artificial: ...
...
Defence provided in form of ...
Natural: during pregnancy when mother's antibodies pass across placenta, providing immunity before infant's immune response is matured
Artificial: [...]
A: vaccination provides immediate source of antibodies
2 types: active and passive
Each type can be: natural or artificial
Active immunity
Lymphocytes activated by antigens on surface of pathogens
Natural: fighting off infection
Artificial: vaccination
Passive immunity
Defence provided in form of antibodies/antitoxins
Natural: during pregnancy when mother's antibodies pass across placenta, providing immunity before infant's immune response is matured
Artificial: vaccination provides immediate source of antibodies
Other fields (not shown on cards):
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Q: Receptors on T cells = [...]
A: T cell receptors

Any T cells with receptors that recognise 'self' as a pathogen are killed in the thymus before entering the blood
T cells that weakly bind to 'self' are inactivated
When this goes wrong, autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis occur

Q: T cells have a second kind of receptor, [...]
A: CD receptors

Q: MHC site = [...]
A: MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX

Q: Define the humoral response
A: The response of B lymphocytes to an antigen

Q: The action of B lymphocytes against an antigen is called the [...]
A: humoral response

Q: Define the cellular response
A: The response of T killer lymphocytes to an antigen, by killing infected host cells

Q: The response of T lymphocytes to an antigen is the [...]
A: cellular response

Q: In the context of white blood cells, maturation means [...]
A: the development of cell surface receptors

Q: The specific immune response involves:
1. [...]
2. [...]
A: Antigen presentation; B and T cell activation

Original: T helper cells with receptors complementary to the antigen undergo [[oc1::clonal selection and activation]] (i.e. are activated and divide by mitosis)
The monoclonal antibodies [[oc2::secrete cytokines]] which [[oc3::activate specific B lymphocytes]] whose receptors are complementary to the antigen; clonal selection. These then [[oc4::divide]]; clonal expansion
Title: B and T cell activation
Q: T helper cells with receptors complementary to the antigen undergo [...] (i.e. are activated and divide by mitosis)
The monoclonal antibodies ... which ... whose receptors are complementary to the antigen; clonal selection. These then ...; clonal expansion
A: clonal selection and activation
Q: T helper cells with receptors complementary to the antigen undergo [...] (i.e. are activated and divide by mitosis)
The monoclonal antibodies [...] which ... whose receptors are complementary to the antigen; clonal selection. These then ...; clonal expansion
A: clonal selection and activation; secrete cytokines
Q: T helper cells with receptors complementary to the antigen undergo clonal selection and activation (i.e. are activated and divide by mitosis)
The monoclonal antibodies [...] which [...] whose receptors are complementary to the antigen; clonal selection. These then ...; clonal expansion
A: secrete cytokines; activate specific B lymphocytes
Q: T helper cells with receptors complementary to the antigen undergo ... (i.e. are activated and divide by mitosis)
The monoclonal antibodies secrete cytokines which [...] whose receptors are complementary to the antigen; clonal selection. These then [...]; clonal expansion
A: activate specific B lymphocytes; divide
Q: T helper cells with receptors complementary to the antigen undergo ... (i.e. are activated and divide by mitosis)
The monoclonal antibodies ... which activate specific B lymphocytes whose receptors are complementary to the antigen; clonal selection. These then [...]; clonal expansion
A: divide
T helper cells with receptors complementary to the antigen undergo clonal selection and activation (i.e. are activated and divide by mitosis)
The monoclonal antibodies secrete cytokines which activate specific B lymphocytes whose receptors are complementary to the antigen; clonal selection. These then divide; clonal expansion
Other fields (not shown on cards):
Settings: 1,2,0 | n,n,y,n

Q: Define monoclonal antibody
A: Identical antibodies synthesised by one parent plasma cell, specific to one specific epitope

Q: Define epitope
A: Specific section of an antigen to which a complementary antibody binds

Q: What is the universal donor, and the universal recipient, in blood groups?
A: Universal donor: O-
Universal recipient: AB+

Q: [...] - [...]
A: More than one antibody produced in response to a pathogen; polyclonal response

Original: Pregnant women produce hormone [[oc1::hCG - human Chorionic Gonadotrophin]] which is excreted in their [[oc1::urine]]
Pregnancy tests use [[oc2::monoclonal antibodies (MABs) specific to HCG]]
In each pregnancy test kit:
[[oc3::Reaction site]]: [[oc4::mobile hCG specific MABs connected to dye]]
[[oc3::Test site]]: [[oc5::fixed hCG MABs]]
[[oc3::Control site]]
How it works:
[[oc6::Urine moves along reaction site]], [[oc7::If hCG present, binds to MABs + Dye]]
[[oc8::This then moves along test strip with urine]]
[[oc9::Complex binds at test site]] to [[oc10::the fixed MABs]]
[[oc11::It is held in place forming a visible line]]
Title: Pregnancy testing
Q: Pregnant women produce hormone [...] which is excreted in their [...]
Pregnancy tests use monoclonal antibodies (MABs) specific to HCG
In each pregnancy test kit:
...: ...
...: ...
...
How it works:
..., ...
...
... to ...
...
A: hCG - human Chorionic Gonadotrophin; urine
Q: Pregnant women produce hormone [...] which is excreted in their [...]
Pregnancy tests use [...]
In each pregnancy test kit:
Reaction site: ...
Test site: ...
Control site
How it works:
..., ...
...
... to ...
...
A: hCG - human Chorionic Gonadotrophin; urine; monoclonal antibodies (MABs) specific to HCG
Pregnant women produce hormone hCG - human Chorionic Gonadotrophin which is excreted in their urine
Pregnancy tests use monoclonal antibodies (MABs) specific to HCG
In each pregnancy test kit:
Reaction site: mobile hCG specific MABs connected to dye
Test site: ...
Control site
How it works:
..., ...
...
... to ...
...
Pregnant women produce hormone ... which is excreted in their ...
Pregnancy tests use monoclonal antibodies (MABs) specific to HCG
In each pregnancy test kit:
Reaction site: mobile hCG specific MABs connected to dye
Test site: fixed hCG MABs
Control site
How it works:
..., ...
...
... to ...
...
Q: Pregnant women produce hormone ... which is excreted in their ...
Pregnancy tests use ...
In each pregnancy test kit:
Reaction site: [...]
Test site: [...]
Control site
How it works:
Urine moves along reaction site, ...
...
... to ...
...
A: mobile hCG specific MABs connected to dye; fixed hCG MABs
Q: Pregnant women produce hormone ... which is excreted in their ...
Pregnancy tests use ...
In each pregnancy test kit:
...: mobile hCG specific MABs connected to dye
...: [...]
...
How it works:
[...], If hCG present, binds to MABs + Dye
...
... to ...
...
A: fixed hCG MABs; Urine moves along reaction site
Q: Pregnant women produce hormone ... which is excreted in their ...
Pregnancy tests use ...
In each pregnancy test kit:
...: ...
...: fixed hCG MABs
...
How it works:
[...], [...]
This then moves along test strip with urine
... to ...
...
A: Urine moves along reaction site; If hCG present, binds to MABs + Dye
Q: Pregnant women produce hormone ... which is excreted in their ...
Pregnancy tests use ...
In each pregnancy test kit:
...: ...
...: ...
...
How it works:
Urine moves along reaction site, [...]
[...]
Complex binds at test site to ...
...
A: If hCG present, binds to MABs + Dye; This then moves along test strip with urine
Q: Pregnant women produce hormone ... which is excreted in their ...
Pregnancy tests use ...
In each pregnancy test kit:
...: ...
...: ...
...
How it works:
..., If hCG present, binds to MABs + Dye
[...]
[...] to the fixed MABs
...
A: This then moves along test strip with urine; Complex binds at test site
Q: Pregnant women produce hormone ... which is excreted in their ...
Pregnancy tests use ...
In each pregnancy test kit:
...: ...
...: ...
...
How it works:
..., ...
This then moves along test strip with urine
[...] to [...]
It is held in place forming a visible line
A: Complex binds at test site; the fixed MABs
Q: Pregnant women produce hormone ... which is excreted in their ...
Pregnancy tests use ...
In each pregnancy test kit:
...: ...
...: ...
...
How it works:
..., ...
...
Complex binds at test site to [...]
[...]
A: the fixed MABs; It is held in place forming a visible line
Q: Pregnant women produce hormone ... which is excreted in their ...
Pregnancy tests use ...
In each pregnancy test kit:
...: ...
...: ...
...
How it works:
..., ...
...
... to the fixed MABs
[...]
A: It is held in place forming a visible line
Pregnant women produce hormone hCG - human Chorionic Gonadotrophin which is excreted in their urine
Pregnancy tests use monoclonal antibodies (MABs) specific to HCG
In each pregnancy test kit:
Reaction site: mobile hCG specific MABs connected to dye
Test site: fixed hCG MABs
Control site
How it works:
Urine moves along reaction site, If hCG present, binds to MABs + Dye
This then moves along test strip with urine
Complex binds at test site to the fixed MABs
It is held in place forming a visible line
Other fields (not shown on cards):
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